Specialization and development of beach hunting, a rare foraging behavior, by wild bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.)
نویسندگان
چکیده
Foraging behaviors of bottlenose dolphins vary within and among populations, but few studies attempt to address the causes of individual variation in foraging behavior. We examined how ecological, social, and developmental factors relate to the use of a rare foraging tactic by wild bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp. Gervais, 1855) in Shark Bay, Western Australia. Beach hunting involves partial and nearly complete stranding on beach shores. Over 10 years of observation, only four adults and their calves were observed beach hunting in more than 1 year. Of two adult beach hunters observed in detail, one was more specialized in beach hunting than the other, indicating substantial flexibility in degree of use. Only calves born to beach hunters developed the tactic, although complete stranding was not observed at least up to 5 years of age. Beach hunters used shallow, inshore habitats significantly more than others and were more likely to hunt during incoming tide. Mitochondrial DNA haplotypes were not consistent with strict matrilineal transmission. Thus, beach hunting likely involves vertical social learning by calves, while individual, horizontal, and (or) oblique learning may occur among individuals who frequent coastal habitats. Résumé : Les comportements alimentaires des grands dauphins varient à l’intérieur d’une population et d’une population à une autre, mais peu d’études s’intéressent aux causes de la variation individuelle du comportement alimentaire. Nous examinons comment les facteurs écologiques et sociaux et le développement influencent l’utilisation d’une tactique inusitée de recherche de nourriture chez les grands dauphins (Tursiops sp. Gervais, 1855) à Shark Bay, Australie Occidentale. La chasse sur la grève implique un échouement partiel ou presque total sur les plages de la côte. En 10 années d’observation, seuls quatre adultes et leurs petits ont été observés à chasser sur la grève plus d’une année. Des deux adultes observés en détail chassant sur la grève, un était plus spécialisé pour la chasse sur la grève que l’autre, faisant montre d’une grande flexibilité dans l’importance de l’utilisation qu’il en faisait. Seuls les petits nés de parents qui chassaient sur la grève développent cette tactique, bien que l’échouement total ne s’observe pas avant l’âge de 5 ans. Les chasseurs de grève utilisent les habitats peu profonds près des côtes significativement plus que les autres et ils sont plus susceptibles de chasser durant la marée montante. Les haplotypes d’ADN mitochondrial n’appuient pas une transmission matrilinéaire stricte. La chasse sur la grève implique donc vraisemblablement un apprentissage social vertical par les petits, alors qu’il peut se produire un apprentissage individuel, horizontal et(ou) oblique chez les individus qui fréquentent les habitats côtiers peu profonds. [Traduit par la Rédaction] Sargeant et al. 1410
منابع مشابه
The Ecological Conditions That Favor Tool Use and Innovation in Wild Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops sp.)
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